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Garima Gospels
The Garima Gospels are two Ethiopic illuminated manuscript gospel books, of which Garima 2, the earlier, is believed to be "the most ancient Christian manuscript decorated with paintings"〔Alessandro Bausi, ("Ethiopia and the Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: The Garima Gospels in Context" ), resume of conference proceedings, November 2013.〕 and the oldest surviving Ethiopian manuscript of any kind.〔(), ("Discovery of earliest illustrated manuscript," ) Martin Bailey, The Art Newspaper, June 2010.〕〔()"Unearthed, the ancient texts that tell story of Christianity; A British bookbinder has restored ancient copies of the gospels dating back to the fourth century, writes Jerome Taylor, July 6, 2010, The Independent.〕 Together the two manuscripts provide the major witness to the Ethiopic Version of the Gospels, and have been applied as proof texts for the creation of critical editions of the Ethiopic Gospels; by Rochus Zuurmond (Mark, 1989; Matthew 2001) and by Michael G Wechsler (John 2005). As such they represent amongst the earliest versional witnesses to the early Byzantine Text of the Gospels.
The Gospels are housed in Ethiopia's Abba Garima Monastery. They are not known ever to have left the monastery;〔 although, as the surrounding area was occupied by Muslims from the 9th to the 14th centuries, it is possible that they may have remained hidden in a cave for centuries, and then rediscovered.〔("Research uncovers lost African school of painting" ) Martin Bailey, The Art Newspaper, December 2013.〕 The Gospels were included the catalog of an American museum exhibition that toured from 1993–96, ''African Zion: the Sacred Art of Ethiopia'', but were never actually lent to the exhibition.〔 Long thought to date from c. 1100,radiocarbon dating conducted at Oxford University under the auspices of the Ethiopian Heritage Fund suggests they actually date from between 390 and 660, with a mid-date of around 530.〔〔
==Tradition==
Monastic tradition ascribes the gospel books to Saint Abba Garima, said to have arrived in Ethiopia in 494.〔 Abba Garima is one of the Nine Saints from Syria traditionally said to have evangelized the rural populations of the ancient Ethiopian kingdom of Axum in the sixth century; and the monks regard the Gospels less as significant antiquities than as sacred relics of Abba Garima.〔 According to tradition, Abba Garima wrote and illustrated the complete Gospels in a single day; God stopped the sun from setting until the Saint completed his work.〔 Definitive radiocarbon tests support this traditional dating for Abba Garima 2, the earlier of the two books.〔 Recent research, however, tends to contra-indicate many aspects of the traditional account; proposing instead that the text-base for the Garima gospels is Greek not Syriac, that the iconography and palaeography looks to Egyptian not Syrian sources, and that the gospel translation witnessed in the Garima gospels had been completed over a century before the traditional dates for the Nine Saints. 〔 Rochus Zuurmond and Curt Niccum, "The Ethiopic Version of the New Testament", in "The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research" 2nd edn, Bart D Ehrman and Michael W Holmes eds, Brill, 2013, pp 231-252〕
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